BPC-157 as an Investigational Peptide Therapeutic: Biopharmaceutical Challenges, Formulation Strategies, and Translational Development Barriers

Mateescu DM, Gavrilescu DM, Constantinescu FE, Oancea C, Ilie AC, Folescu R, Popa MD, Iurciuc S, Muresan CO, Enache A · Pharmaceutics

Finds no pharmaceutical-grade formulation, no BCS classification, no permeability or excipient-compatibility data, and no completed Phase II trial; counts fewer than 30 human subjects across three uncontrolled pilot studies, none using a standardised preparation, and names the sub-30-minute half-life against multi-day effects as the central unexplained disconnect.

Population

Narrative review of BPC-157 pharmaceutics, PubMed/Embase/Cochrane plus patent and regulatory databases to April 2026

Intervention

n/a

Comparator

n/a

Limitations

Narrative design with no formal quality appraisal; misattributes the 16-patient knee case series to the authors of the 2025 systematic review, an error worth knowing about when tracing that study through the secondary literature.